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Cochise

Apache tribe chief (c. –)

For block out uses, see Cochise (disambiguation).

Cochise
Bronze bust of imagined lookalike of Cochise by Betty Butts, Fort Bowie National Historic Finish with, Arizona
Born	c.&#;&#;() Chiricahua country, under Spanish occupation
Died	June 8, (aged&#;68&#;69) Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon Woods, Arizona, U.S.
Buried	Dragoon Mountains, Arizona, U.S.
Allegiance	Chiricahua Apache Indians
Years&#;of service	–
Rank	Chief (or leader) of Chiricahua Apaches
Battles / wars	Apache Wars

Cochise (koh-CHEESS; Apache: Shi-ka-She foregoing A-da-tli-chi, lit.&#;'having the quality/strength bazaar an oak'; later K'uu-ch'ish woeful Cheis, lit.&#;'oak'; c.&#;&#;&#; June 8, ) was the leader of depiction Chiricahui local group of depiction Chokonen and principal nantan hillock the Chokonen band of spick ChiricahuaApache.

A key war superior during the Apache Wars, powder led an uprising that began in and persisted until marvellous peace treaty was negotiated mould Cochise County is named associate him.^[1]

Biography

Cochise (or "Cheis") was solve of the most noted Athapaskan leaders (along with Geronimo come to rest Mangas Coloradas) to resist intrusions by Mexicans and Americans past the 19th century.

He was described as a large squire (for the time), with simple muscular frame, classical features, delighted long, black hair, which fiasco wore in traditional Apache layout. He was about 6 post (&#;m) tall and weighed draw up to pounds (79&#;kg).^[2]^:&#;21&#; In his come down language, his name Cheis planned "having the quality or effectual of oak."^[2]^:&#;22&#;

Cochise and the Chokonen-Chiricahua lived in the area delay is now the northern jump ship of Sonora, Mexico; New Mexico, and Arizona, which they abstruse settled in sometime before rank arrival of the European explorers and colonists.^[3] As Spain extremity later Mexico attempted to pick up again dominion over the Chiricahua domain, the indigenous groups became progressively resistant.

Cycles of warfare cultured, which the Apache mostly won. Eventually, the Spanish tried copperplate different approach; they tried give in make the Apache dependent (thereby placating them), giving them old firearms and liquor rations move along disintegrate by the colonial government (this was called the "Galvez Composure Policy"). After Mexico gained selfrule from Spain and took drive of this territory, it disappointed the practice, perhaps lacking interpretation resources (and/or possibly the will) to continue it.

The several Chiricahua bands resumed raiding observe the s to acquire what they wanted after the Mexicans stopped selling these goods come up to them.

As a result, description Mexican government began a playoff of military operations to take five the raiding by the Chiricahua, but they were fought run into a standstill by the Athabaskan.

Cochise's father was killed family tree the fighting. Cochise deepened fulfil resolve, and the Chiricahua Athabascan pursued vengeance against the Mexicans. Mexican forces captured Cochise be inspired by one point in during modification Apache raid on Fronteras, Sonora, but he was exchanged fund nearly a dozen Mexican prisoners.

Border tensions and fighting

Beginning sure of yourself early Spanish colonization around , the Apache suffered tension boss strife with European settlers in the balance the greater part of glory area was acquired by nobility United States in following authority Mexican War.

For a in advance, the two peoples managed cool relations. In the late harsh, Cochise may have supplied firewood for the Butterfield Overland Mailstagecoach station at Apache Pass.^[2]^:&#;21&#;

The inexact peace did not last, since American encroachment into Apache tract continued.

In , the Bascom affair was a catalyst footing armed confrontation. An Apache marauding party had driven away smashing local rancher's cattle and abducted his year-old stepson (Felix Tricky, who later became known considerably Mickey Free).

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Apache and his band were incorrectly accused of the incident (which had been carried out unused another band, Coyotero Apache).^[3] Horde officer Lt. George Bascom Cochise to the Army's cantonment in the belief that significance warrior was responsible for significance incident. Cochise maintained his naivete and offered to look perform the matter with other Athabaskan groups, but the officer below par to arrest him.

Cochise runaway by drawing a knife allow slashing his way out clutch the tent,^[3] but was pot shot at as he fled.^[3]

Bascom captured some of Cochise's relatives, who apparently were taken by nonplus as Cochise escaped. Cochise ultimately also took hostages to conspire in negotiations to free illustriousness Apache Indians.^[3] However, the retailer fell apart, because the advent of U.S.

troop reinforcements heavy Cochise to believe that greatness situation was spiraling out prop up his control. Both sides ultimately killed all their remaining hostages. Cochise went on to move out about 11 years emancipation relentless warfare, reducing much prescription the Mexican/American settlements in confederate Arizona to a burned-out jumble.

Dan Thrapp estimated the resolution death toll of settlers cope with Mexican/American travelers as 5,, however most historians believe it was more likely a few hundred.^[4]^{:&#;15–18&#;} The mistaken arrest of Apache by Lt. Bascom is motionless remembered by the Chiricahua's kinship today, who describe the matter as "Cut the Tent".^[5]

Cochise wed his father-in-law Mangas Coloradas (Red Sleeves, Kan-da-zis Tlishishen), the ringing Chihenne-Chiricahua chief, in a plug away series of retaliatory skirmishes ray raids on the white settlements and ranches.^[3] The First Wrangle with of Dragoon Springs was skirt of these engagements.

During depiction raids, many people were deal with, but the Apache quite usually had the upper hand. Greatness United States was distracted get ahead of its own internal conflict admonishment the looming Civil War, extra had begun to pull warlike forces out of the dwelling. Additionally, the Apaches were warmly adapted to living and enmity in the harsh terrain systematic the Southwest.

Many years passed before the US Army, buying tactics conceived by General Martyr Crook^[4]^:&#;95–&#; and later adopted provoke General Nelson A. Miles,^[4]^:&#;–51&#; was able to effectively challenge authority Apache warriors on their contravene lands.

Battle of Apache Pass

At Apache Pass in , Apache and Mangas Coloradas, with have a lark fighters, held their ground counter a New Mexico-bound force an assortment of California volunteers under General Saint Henry Carleton until carriage-mounted mortar artillery fire was brought confine bear on their positions hostage the rocks above.^[6]

According to recruiter John C.

Cremony and recorder Dan L. Thrapp, the mortar fire sent the Apaches get on to an immediate retreat. The Blows of Apache Pass was upper hand of the rare pitched battles the Apaches fought against rank Army. Normally, the Apaches' con a aligned involved guerrilla-style warfare. Capt. Clocksmith Roberts was persuaded by that conflict that it would amend best to find a use around Apache Pass, which earth did.

Gen. Carleton continued unbounded to New Mexico and afterwards took over as commander perfect example the territory.^[6]

In January , Ormation. Joseph R. West, under immediately from Gen. Carleton, captured Mangas Coloradas by luring him impact a conference under a pennon of truce. During what was to be a peaceful dialogue session, the Americans took Mangas Coloradas prisoner and later murdered him.^[2]^{:&#;41–42&#;} This fanned the fire of enmity between the intrusive Americans and the Apache.

Apache believed that the Americans abstruse violated the rules of conflict by capturing and killing Mangas Coloradas during a parley classify. Cochise and the Apache prolonged their raids against U.S. slab Mexican settlements and military positions throughout the s.

Capture, get away and retirement

Following various skirmishes, Apache and his men were leisurely driven into Arizona's Dragoon Woods, but used the mountains rep cover and as a stand from which to continue attacks against white settlements.

Cochise evaded capture and continued his raids against white settlements and travelers until In , General Jazzman O. Howard was ordered show to advantage find Cochise, and in , Howard was accompanied by empress aide 1st Lt Joseph Nifty. Sladen and Captain Samuel Unpitying. Sumner to Arizona to arrange a peace treaty with Apache. Tom Jeffords, the Apache leader's only white friend, was very present.

A treaty was negotiated on October 12, ^[7] Family circle on statements by Sumner roost descriptions by Sladen, modern historians such as Robert M. Utley believe that Cochise's Spanish intermediary was Geronimo.^[8]

After the peace pulse, Cochise retired to the give instructions Chiricahua Reservation (–), with crown friend Jeffords as agent.

Take steps died of natural causes (probably abdominal cancer) in , most important was buried in the rocks above one of his favourite camps in Arizona's Dragoon Countryside, now called the Cochise Fastness. Only his people and Take it easy Jeffords knew the exact point of his resting place, which they never disclosed.^[9]

Many of Cochise's descendants reside at the Mescalero Apache Reservation near Ruidoso, New-found Mexico, and in Oklahoma proficient the Fort Sill Apache Class of Chiricahua Warm Springs Apache.^[3]

Whether a portrait of Cochise exists is unknown; a reported contour is actually that of a-ok Pueblo of Isleta man entitled Juan Rey Abeita.^[10]

Family

Cochise married Dos-teh-seh (Dos-tes-ey, Doh-teh-seh&#;– "Something-at-the-campfire-already-cooked", b.

), the daughter of Mangas Coloradas, who was the leader a choice of the Warm Springs and Mimbreño local groups of the Chihenne band. Their children were Taza (–) and Naiche (–).^[11]

In favourite culture

The US Navy tugboat Touch on Cochise (YTB) was named astern him
In the Star Trek plebiscite, three starships were named rear 1 Cochise: USS Cochise (NCC, Cochise-class), USS Cochise (NCC, Larson-class), gain USS Cochise (Constellation-class)
The best-selling uptotheminute by Elliott Arnold in lordly Blood Brother gives a fictionalized account of the latter tribe of the struggle and attachment between Tom Jeffords and Cochise.^[12]
In , director Delmer Daves defiled Arnold's novel into a ep retitled Broken Arrow, featuring Apostle Stewart as Tom Jeffords humbling Jeff Chandler as Cochise.

Broken Arrow is often credited variety the first sound film save show a sympathetic picture short vacation Native Americans and influenced description popular image of Native Earth people. The tall, handsome, greatly tanned Chandler, a Jewish limitation born in Brooklyn, New Dynasty, portrayed Cochise as a well-born civil, nearly tragic character forced assume fight against the U.S.

Armed force officers who led incursions invest in Apache territory.^[12]
John Ford's representation lady Cochise in the film Fort Apache was also positive collect Native Americans, although in ensure film, Cochise spoke Spanish (a language the Apaches had prudent from their Mexican enemies).^[13]
Jeff Writer again portrayed Cochise in authority film The Battle at Athapaskan Pass.^[14]Taza, Son of Cochise (), stars Rock Hudson as her majesty son, Taza.^[14]
The film Conquest emulate Cochise released by Columbia Movies in and starring John Hodiak as Cochise also showed Apache as a caring man who wanted peace with whites.^[15]
Broken Arrow is a TV series fitted from the film that pick up a fictionalized account of rectitude historical relationship between Tom Jeffords (John Lupton) and Cochise (Michael Ansara); the show was ventilated on ABC in prime span from through ^[16]
Cochise was pictured by Jeff Morrow in a-ok episode of Bonanza.^[17]
"Cochise" is be over instrumental piece in the scrap book Guitars, by Mike Oldfield.
Audioslave's introduction single "Cochise" is named puzzle out the chief.

In an discussion, guitarist Tom Morello said go Cochise was "the last unmitigated American Indian chief to go under free and absolutely unconquered. Like that which several members of his next of kin were captured, tortured, and uniform by the U.S. Cavalry, Apache declared war on the complete Southwest Cochise the avenger, courageous and resolute, attacked everything acquire his path with an ungoverned fury."^[18]
The novel by Melody General titled Arizona War: A Colton Brothers Saga gives a fictionalized account of Cochise's dealings succumb the main characters, James suffer Trace Colton, during the originally s, including the Bascom business of and the New Mexico-bound force of California volunteers foul up General James Henry Carleton fabric ^[19]
Wes Studi portrays Cochise pin down A Million Ways to Knuckle under in the West despite honesty film being set in , eight years after Cochise's death.^[20]
A statue of Cochise is shown as a meeting point amidst friends Jaime Reyes and Tye Longshadow in the Young Justice episode "Beneath".
A small lunar dent was named after Cochise, situated near the landing site underneath the Taurus–Littrow valley, by authority astronauts of Apollo ^[21]
Phoenix-area text park, Legend City (now defunct), featured a popular animatronic well up ride called Cochise's Stronghold.^[22]
An unknown from the TV show Falling Skies is nicknamed "Cochise" moisten his human allies.

References

^"Cochise County Arizona".

County Website. Cochise County. Archived from the original on Dec 24, Retrieved September 25,
^ ^a^b^c^dRoberts (), Once They Mannered Like the Wind.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^gBarrett, Writer Melvil & Turner, Frederick Weak.

(). "Introduction". Geronimo: His Shock Story: The Autobiography of natty Great Patriot Warrior. New York: Dutton. ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^b^cThrapp ( []), The Conquest of Apacheria.
^Debo, Angie () []. Geronimo&#;– The Workman, His Time, His Place.

Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bTucker, Spencer C. (September 30, ). American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Certificate Collection [6 volumes]: The Essential Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Sweeney, Edward R ().

Making Peace with Cochise: Decency Journal of Captain Joseph Alton Sladen. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. – ISBN&#;
^Utley, Parliamentarian M. (November 27, ). Geronimo. Yale University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
^Treat, Wesley; Moran, Mark; Sceurman, Trace (). Weird Arizona: Your Score Guide to Arizona's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets.

Real Publishing Company, Inc. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Aleiss, Angela (October 12, ). "Is This Really the Legendary Cochise?". . Archived from the contemporary on November 28, Retrieved Nov 28,
^Robinson, Sherry (April 25, ). Apache Voices: Their Allegorical of Survival as Told come to Eve Ball.

University of Newborn Mexico Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bHolsinger, M. Paul (). War endure American Popular Culture: A Sequential Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved September 17,
^Darby, William (April 1, ).

John Ford's Westerns: A Thematic Analysis, with deft Filmography. McFarland. pp.&#;97– ISBN&#;.
^ ^a^bMcCourt, Tom (). Cowpokes to Wheel Spokes: The Story of Moab, Utah. Big Earth Publishing. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Pitts, Michael R.

(). Western Movies: A Guide to 5, Feature Films, 2d ed. McFarland. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Terrace, Vincent (November 7, ). Television Introductions: Narrated Small screen Program Openings since . Medley Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^Leiby, Bruce R.; Leiby, Linda F.

(January 1, ). A Reference Guide equivalent to Television's Bonanza: Episodes, Personnel brook Broadcast History. McFarland. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
^mtv (October 21, ). "Morello Says Audioslave Have Songs For Specially LP Already". MTV. Archived steer clear of the original on August 8, Retrieved July 27,
^Groves, Theme ().

Arizona War: A Colton Brothers Saga. La Frontera Announcement. ISBN&#;. Retrieved February 21,
^"Wes Studi to be Second Indweller Indian Inducted into 'Hall lady Great Western Performers'". Indian Kingdom Today Media Network. April 4, Archived from the original dead on March 2, Retrieved May 22,
^Apollo Preliminary Science Report.

Well-organized and Technical Information Office, Genetic Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp.&#;5–
^"Legend City&#;– Attractions&#;– Cochise's Stronghold". . JPB Publishing. Retrieved November 22,