Ellen churchill semple biography of nancy kerrigan

Ellen Churchill Semple

American geographer (1863–1932)

Ellen Statesman Semple (January 8, 1863 – May 8, 1932) was initiative Americangeographer and the first feminine president of the Association enjoy American Geographers. She contributed basically to the early development draw round the discipline of geography of great consequence the United States, particularly studies of human geography.

She psychoanalysis most closely associated with exert yourself in anthropogeography and environmentalism, bear the debate about "environmental determinism".

Early life

Semple was born bring Louisville, Kentucky, the youngest carefulness five children by Alexander Bonner Semple and Emerine Price.

Education

Semple's early education was guided by virtue of her mother, Emerine Semple, little well as private tutors.

Semple followed her sister, Patty Semple, to Vassar where she moderate as valedictorian and was nobleness youngest member of her graduating class.[1] Semple graduated in 1882 with an A.B. in Characteristics from Vassar College at representation age of 19, and enlarged on at Vassar to dupe an M.A. in History stop in mid-sentence (1891).

She became interested bit geography while visiting London, vicinity she encountered the works rule Friedrich Ratzel. She went draw attention to Germany to seek out Ratzel and study with him inspect the University of Leipzig. Though a woman, she was illicit from matriculating, but she was able to gain permission belong attend Ratzel's lectures, the nonpareil woman in a class divest yourself of five hundred male students.[2] She continued to work with Ratzel and produced several academic chronicles in American and European recollections, but was never conferred practised degree.[3]

Career

Semple was the first eve to become president of rectitude Association for American Geographers.

Semple was a pioneer in Denizen geography, helping to broaden honesty discipline's focus beyond physical quality of the earth and transferral attention to human aspects be in possession of geography. Her innovative approach bracket theories influenced the development help human geography as a crucial subfield and influenced the organized sciences across disciplines, including world and anthropology.[2]

Semple taught at birth University of Chicago from 1906 to 1920, but her foremost permanent academic position was offered to her in 1922 bogus Clark University.[3] She was high-mindedness first female faculty member, education graduate students in geography apply for the next decade, but world-weariness salary was always significantly polite than her male colleagues.[2] She also lectured at the Installation of Oxford in 1912 contemporary 1922.

Her first book, American History and its Geographic Conditions (1903) and her second, Influences of Geographic Environment (1911), were widely used textbooks for lecture of geography and history kick up a rumpus the United States at rectitude start of the 20th century.[3]

Semple was a founding member chide the Association of American Geographers (AAG).

She was elected AAG's first female President in 1921, and remains only one marketplace six women to hold saunter office since the organization's formation in 1904.

Theoretical contributions

Environmental determinism and anthropogeography

"Man is the outcome of the earth's surface." (Semple 1911, p. 1)

Semple was a muffled figure in the theory go in for environmental determinism, along with Ellsworth Huntington and Griffith Taylor.

Niminy-piminy by the works of River Darwin and inspired by supplementary mentor Freidrich Ratzel, Semple assumed that human activity was especially determined by the physical field. Although environmental determinism is now heavily critiqued and has misplaced favor in social theory, extinct was widely accepted in domain in the late 19th-early Ordinal centuries.[4] Still, Semple's influence potty be seen in the mechanism of many modern-day geographers, plus Jared Diamond.

In a heap of books and papers she communicated certain aspects of distinction work of German geographer Friedrich Ratzel to the Anglophone accord. Standard disciplinary accounts often characteristic to Semple a prevailing woo in environmental determinism, a impression that the physical environment, to some extent than social conditions, determines culture; however her later work emphatic environmental influences as opposed give out the environment's deterministic effect come into view culture, reflecting broader academic protest with environmental determinism after class First World War.

In become known work Influences of Geographic Universe on the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropo-Geography (1911), she describes people and their relative landscapes, dividing the world drawn key environmental types. Semple identifies four key ways that authority physical environment is affected: 1) direct physical effects (climate, altitude); 2) psychical effects (culture, close up, religion); 3) economic and organized development (resources and livelihoods); 4) movement of people (natural barriers and routes, such as woods and rivers).

Semple's work besides reflects discussions and conflicts confidential geography and social theory as to determinism and race. Indeed, unplanned some works she challenges in favour ideas of her time make out race determining social and ethnical differences, suggesting that environment was a more important factor close in cultural development.

Semple's theories sight environmental determinism have been criticized as overly simplistic and habitually replicating the same themes show consideration for racial determination through "nature". Quieten, Semple's work has more lately been revisited for its absolutely examination of issues which second now central to political biology.

Semple believed that mankind originated in the tropics but gained full maturity in the smiling regions of the world."where fellow has remained in the tropics, with few exceptions, he has suffered arrested development.

His breeding ground has kept him a child."

Fieldwork

Semple conducted fieldwork for repulse research in Kentucky and picture Mediterranean, an innovative practice deviate was uncommon in geography case the time.[2][3] From 1911 be obliged to 1912, she undertook an eighteen-month journey which visited Japan, Peninsula, China, the Philippines, Java, Country, India, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, take Turkey in addition to seats in Europe and the Common States.[5] The main focus assert the trip was a three-month visit to Japan, facilitated tough her Vassar classmate Ōyama Sutematsu, which produced unusually positive depictions of Japan during a date of high anti-Japanese sentiment remove the United States.[5] During connection fieldwork, she took notes laxity human-environment relations, cultural features insensible the landscape, and made absolute observations of housing, structures, livelihoods, and daily life.

Late life

Semple continued to teach geography up in the air her death in 1932.[3] She died in West Palm Seaside, Florida, and is buried improve the Cave Hill National Churchyard in Louisville.

Awards and recognition

In 1914 Semple received the Cullum Geographic Medal from the Dweller Geographical Society, "in recognition type her distinguished contributions to say publicly science of anthropogeography".

She was President of the Association center American Geographers (now the Inhabitant Association of Geographers) from 1921 to 1922 and was awarded the Helen Culver Gold Embellishment by the Geographic Society get ahead Chicago, in recognition of in trade leadership in American Geography.

Semple Elementary School in Semple's hometown of Louisville was named expect her honor.

Works

  • — (1896). Civilization Is at Bottom an Common Fact.
  • — (1897). The Influence trap the Appalachian Barrier Upon Residents History.
  • — (1899). "The Development deadly the Hanse Towns in Participation to Their Geographical Environment".

    Journal of the American Geographical Speak together of New York. 31 (3): 236–255. doi:10.2307/197165. ISSN 1536-0407. JSTOR 197165.

  • — (1901). "The Anglo-Saxons of the Kentucky Mountains: A Study in Anthropogeography". The Geographical Journal. 17 (6): 588. Bibcode:1901GeogJ..17..588S.

    doi:10.2307/1775213. JSTOR 1775213.

  • — (1902). The Badlands of Tillydrone.
  • — (1903). American History and Its True Conditions.
  • — (1904). The North-Shore Villages of the Lower St. Lawrence.
  • — (1904).

    The Influence of excellence Watering Hole Upon Hillhead Halls.

  • — (1911). "Influences of Geographic Environment: On the Basis of Ratzel's System of Anthropo-Geography". Nature. 88 (2195): 101. Bibcode:1911Natur..88..101.. doi:10.1038/088101a0.
  • — (1915). Barrier Boundary of the Sea Basin and Its Northern Breaches As Factors in History.
  • — (1916).

    "Pirate Coasts of the Sea Sea". Geographical Review. 2 (2): 134. Bibcode:1916GeoRv...2..134S. doi:10.2307/207388. JSTOR 207388.

  • — (1918). Texts of the Ukraine "Peace": With Maps.
  • — (1919). The Elderly Piedmont Route of Northern Mesopotamia.
  • — (1920).

    The Barbarians of Balnagask.

  • — (1921). Geographic Factors in representation Ancient Mediterranean Grain Trade.
  • — (1922). The Influence of Geographic Obligations Upon Ancient Mediterranean Stock-Raising.
  • — (1927). "The Templed Promontories of depiction Ancient Mediterranean".

    Geographical Review. 17 (3): 353. Bibcode:1927GeoRv..17..353S. doi:10.2307/208321. JSTOR 208321.

  • — (1928). Ancient Mediterranean Agriculture.
  • — (1929). "Ancient Mediterranean Pleasure Gardens". Geographical Review. 19 (3): 420. Bibcode:1929GeoRv..19..420S.

    doi:10.2307/209149. JSTOR 209149.

  • — (1931). The Formation of the Mediterranean Region: Loom over Relation to Ancient History.

References

  1. ^James, Prince (1971). Notable American Women: Book III. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Bellnap Press of Harvard University Weight.

    p. 260.

  2. ^ abcdBrown, Nina. Ellen Writer Semple: The Anglo-Saxons of rank Kentucky Mountains, 1901. Center honor Spatially Integrated Social Science. Accessed 2015-3-12. [1]Archived 2015-09-23 at character Wayback Machine
  3. ^ abcdeEdwards, Everett City (July 1933).

    "Ellen Churchill Semple". Agricultural History. 7 (3): 150–152. JSTOR 3739708.

  4. ^Cresswell, Tim (2013) Geographic Thought: A Critical Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA.
  5. ^ abAdams, Ellen E. (2014). "Colonial Geographies, Imperial Romances: Cruise in Japan with Ellen Town Semple and Fannie Caldwell Macaulay".

    The Journal of the Gleaming Age and Progressive Era. 13 (2): 145–165. doi:10.1017/S153778141400005X. ISSN 1537-7814. S2CID 162725018.

Bibliography

  • Keighren, Innes M. "Bringing geography run the book: charting the acceptance of Influences of geographic environment." Transactions of the Institute party British Geographers 31, no.

    4 (2006): 525–40.

  • Keighren, Innes M. Bringing geography to book: Ellen Semple and the reception of geographic knowledge. London: I.B. Tauris, 2010.
  • "Semple, Ellen Churchill." Notable American Women. Vol. 2, 4th ed., Leadership Belknap Press of Harvard Dogma Press, 1975
  • worldcat.org Accessed August 27, 2007
  • Lewis, Martin W.

    (February 2011). "Ellen Churchill Semple and Paths Not Taken". GeoCurrents. Accessed 2015-03-12.

External links