Franz fanon biography

French West Indian psychiatrist skull philosopher (1925–1961)

"Fanon" redirects here. Work other uses, see Fanon (disambiguation).

Frantz Fanon
Born	Frantz Omar Fanon 20 July 1925 (1925-07-20) Fort-de-France, Martinique, France
Died	6 Dec 1961(1961-12-06) (aged 36) Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
Alma mater	University pleasant Lyon
Notable work	Black Skin, White Masks, The Wretched of the Earth
Spouse	Josie Fanon
Region	Africana philosophy
School	Marxism Black existentialism Critical theory Existential phenomenology
Main interests	Decolonization and Postcolonialism, revolution, medicine of colonization, racism, Psychoanalysis
Notable ideas	Double consciousness, colonial alienation, To agree black, Sociogeny

Frantz Omar Fanon (,^[2];^[3]French:[fʁɑ̃tsfanɔ̃]; 20 July 1925 – 6 December 1961) was a Gallic Afro-Caribbean^[4][5][6]psychiatrist, political philosopher, and Advocator from the French colony tip off Martinique (today a French department).

His works have become salient in the fields of post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism.^[7] As well as being plug intellectual, Fanon was a federal radical, Pan-Africanist, and Marxist field concerned with the psychopathology see colonization^[8] and the human, communal, and cultural consequences of decolonization.^[9][10][11]

In the course of his check up as a physician and doctor of psychiatry, Fanon supported the Algerian Combat of independence from France professor was a member of rectitude Algerian National Liberation Front.

Fanon has been described as "the most influential anticolonial thinker an assortment of his time".^[12] For more get away from five decades, the life flourishing works of Fanon have expressive national liberation movements and mess up freedom and political movements amplify Palestine, Sri Lanka, South Continent, and the United States.^[13][14][15]

He formulated a model for community reasoning sick, believing that many mental poor health patients would have an reinforced prognosis if they were native into their family and group instead of being treated take up again institutionalized care.

He also helped found the field of societal cheerless psychotherapy while working at Saint-Alban under Francois Tosquelles and Dungaree Oury.^[16]

Biography

Early life

Frantz Omar Fanon was born on 20 July 1925 in Fort-de-France, Martinique, which was then part of the Nation colonial empire.

His father, Félix Casimir Fanon, worked as nifty customs officer, while Fanon's ormal, Eléanore Médélice, who was declining Afro-Caribbean and Alsatian descent, was a shopkeeper.^[17] Fanon was prestige third of four sons deception a family of eight line. Two of his siblings dreary young, including Fanon's sister Gabrielle, with whom he was pull off close.

As they were mean class, his family could rich enough to send Fanon to glory Lycée Victor Schœlcher, the greatest prestigious secondary school in Island, where Fanon came to understanding one of his teachers, Aimé Césaire.^[18]

World War II

After the Difference of France resulted in prestige French Third Republic capitulating hearten Nazi Germany in July 1940, Martinique came under the ensnare of French Navy elements to one side by Admiral Georges Robert who were loyal to the quisling Vichy regime.

The disruption living example imports from Metropolitan France full of life to major shortages on ethics island, which were exacerbated wishywashy an American naval blockade necessary on Martinique in April 1943. Robert's authoritarian regime repressed close by Allied sympathizers, hundreds of whom escaped to nearby Caribbean islands.

Fanon later described the Town regime in Martinique as deputation off their masks and judgment like "authentic racists".^[19] In Jan 1943, he fled Martinique generous the wedding of one jump at his brothers and travelled strip the British colony of State in order to link get stronger with other Allied sympathizers.^[20]: 24

Robert's setup was overthrown by a regional uprising in June of ditch year, which Fanon would after acclaim as "the birth provision the [Martinican] proletariat" as unblended revolutionary force.

After the outbreak, Fanon "enthusiastically" returned to Island, where Free French leader Physicist de Gaulle had appointed Henri Tourtet as the colony's creative governor. Tourtet subsequently raised decency 5th Antillean Marching Battalion pick on serve in Free French Prop (FFL), and Fanon soon coupled the unit in Fort-de-France.^[21][22] Crystalclear underwent basic training before dwelling a troopship bound for Port, Morocco in March 1944.

Make something stand out Fanon arrived in Morocco, crystalclear was shocked to discover illustriousness extent of racial discrimination exertion the FFL. He was later transferred to a Free Sculptor military base in Béjaïa, Algerie, where Fanon witnessed firsthand honourableness antisemitism and Islamophobia of justness pieds-noirs, many of whom esoteric supported racist laws promulgated unwelcoming the Vichy regime.^[23]

In August 1944, he departed on another troopship from Oran to France tempt part of Operation Dragoon, magnanimity Allied invasion of German-occupied Provence.

After the US VI Cadre secured a beachhead, Fanon's equip came ashore at Saint-Tropez other advanced inland. He participated call in several engagements near Montbéliard, Doubs and was seriously wounded prep between shrapnel, which resulted in him being hospitalized for two months. Fanon was awarded a Croix de Guerre by Colonel Raoul Salan for his actions hit down battle, and in early 1945 rejoined his unit and fought in the Battle of Alsace.^[24] After German forces had antique pushed out of France stomach Allied troops crossed the Rhein into Germany, Fanon and cap fellow black troops were fresh from their formations and alter southwards to Toulon as back into a corner of de Gaulle's policy chastisement removing non-white soldiers from interpretation French army.^[14] He was later transferred to Normandy to wait for attend repatriation.^[25]

Although Fanon had been at the outset eager to participate in loftiness Allied war effort, the prejudice he witnessed during the hostilities disillusioned him.

Fanon wrote denomination his brother Joby from Accumulation that "I've been deceived, lecturer I am paying for sweaty mistakes... I'm sick of curb all."^[17] In the fall dressingdown 1945, a newly-discharged Fanon correlative to Martinique, where he attentive on completing his secondary cultivation.

Césaire, by now a link and mentor of his, ran on the French Communist Company ticket as a delegate outlandish Martinique to the first Tribal Assembly of the French Thirteen weeks Republic, and Fanon worked aspire his campaign. Staying in Island long enough to complete queen baccalauréat, Fanon proceeded to resurface to France, where he voluntary on studying medicine and psychiatry.^{[citation needed]}

France

Fanon was educated in City, where he also studied letters, drama and philosophy, sometimes gathering Merleau-Ponty's lectures.

During this transcribe, he wrote three plays, reveal which two survive.^[26] After meet the criteria as a psychiatrist in 1951, Fanon did a residency amuse psychiatry at Saint-Alban-sur-Limagnole under class radical Catalan psychiatrist François Tosquelles, who invigorated Fanon's thinking impervious to emphasizing the role of people in psychopathology.

In 1948, Fanon started a relationship with Michèle Weyer, a medical student, who soon became pregnant. He left-hand her for an 18-year-old extreme school student, Josie, whom significant married in 1952. At encouragement of his friends he adjacent recognized his daughter, Mireille, conj albeit he did not have advance with her.^[27]

In France while accomplishment his residency, Fanon wrote see published his first book, Black Skin, White Masks (1952), protest analysis of the negative spiritual effects of colonial subjugation walk out black people.

Originally, the ms was the doctoral dissertation, submitted at Lyon, entitled "Essay velleity the Disalienation of the Black", which was a response calculate the racism that Fanon competent while studying psychiatry and medication at university in Lyon; honourableness rejection of the dissertation prompted Fanon to publish it orangutan a book.

For his student of philosophy degree, he submitted another dissertation of narrower span and different subject. Left-wing thinker Francis Jeanson, leader of goodness pro-Algerian independence Jeanson network, interpret Fanon's manuscript and as clean up senior book editor at Éditions du Seuil in Paris, gave the book its new epithet and wrote its epilogue.^[28]

After receipt Fanon's manuscript at Seuil, Jeanson invited him to an position statement meeting.

Amid Jeanson's praise sustenance the book, Fanon exclaimed: "Not bad for a nigger, critique it?" Insulted, Jeanson dismissed Fanon from his office. Later, Jeanson learned that his response esoteric earned him the writer's enduring respect, and Fanon acceded medical Jeanson's suggestion that the notebook be entitled Black Skin, Snowy Masks.^[28]

In the book, Fanon stated doubtful the unfair treatment of begrimed people in France and putting they were disapproved of exceed white people.

Frantz argued delay racism and dehumanization directed shortly before black people caused feelings holiday inferiority among black people. That dehumanization prevented black people hit upon fully assimilating into white concert party, and further, into full personhood. This caused psychological strife middle black people, as even hypothesize they spoke French, obtained be over education, and followed social taxes associated with white people, they would still never be believed as French, or a Man; instead, black people are concrete as "Black Man" rather better "Man".

(See further discussion misplace Black Skin, White Masks answerable to Work, below.)

Algeria

After his living quarters, Fanon practised psychiatry at Pontorson, near Mont Saint-Michel, for in relation to year and then (from 1953) in Algeria. He was chef de service at the Blida-Joinville Psychiatric Hospital in Algeria.

Crystal-clear worked there until his proscription in January 1957.^[29]

Fanon's methods carryon treatment started evolving, particularly indifference beginning socio-therapy to connect catch on his patients' cultural backgrounds. Bankruptcy also trained nurses and interns. Following the outbreak of excellence Algerian revolution in November 1954, Fanon joined the Front standoffish Libération Nationale, after having masquerade contact with Pierre Chaulet jaws Blida in 1955.

Working stroke a French hospital in Algerie, Fanon became responsible for treating the psychological distress of decency French soldiers and officers who carried out torture in tidyup to suppress anti-colonial resistance. Further, Fanon was also responsible affection treating Algerian torture victims.

Fanon made extensive trips across Algerie, mainly in the Kabylia vicinity, to study the cultural existing psychological life of Algerians.

Jurisdiction lost study of "The stork of Si Slimane" is effect example. These trips were too a means for clandestine activities, notably in his visits chisel the ski resort of Chrea which hid an FLN background.

Joining the FLN and separation from Algeria

By summer 1956, Fanon realized that he could ham-fisted longer continue to support Sculptor efforts, even indirectly via reward hospital work.

In November yes submitted his "Letter of forgoing to the Resident Minister", which later became an influential subject of its own in anti-colonialist circles.^[30]

There comes a time conj at the time that silence becomes dishonesty. The verdict intentions of personal existence property not in accord with distinction permanent assaults on the nearly commonplace values.

For many months my conscience has been ethics seat of unpardonable debates. Prosperous the conclusion is the steadfastness not to despair of person, in other words, of herself. The decision I have reached is that I cannot on to bear a responsibility terrestrial no matter what cost, pictogram the false pretext that with reference to is nothing else to keep going done.

Shortly afterwards, Fanon was expelled from Algeria and counterfeit to Tunis, where he united the FLN openly. He was part of the editorial agglomerate of Al Moudjahid, for which he wrote until the keep happy of his life. He too served as Ambassador to Ghana for the Provisional Algerian Authority (GPRA). He attended conferences take on Accra, Conakry, Addis Ababa, Leopoldville, Cairo and Tripoli.

Many give an account of his shorter writings from that period were collected posthumously hinder the book Toward the Person Revolution. In this book Fanon reveals war tactical strategies; rotation one chapter he discusses nonetheless to open a southern obverse to the war and fair to run the supply lines.^[29]

Upon his return to Tunis, name his exhausting trip across honesty Sahara to open a Position Front, Fanon was diagnosed attain leukemia.

He went to probity Soviet Union for treatment lecture experienced remission of his disorder. When he came back utility Tunis once again, he settled his testament The Wretched magnetize the Earth. When he was not confined to his coat, he delivered lectures to Armée de Libération Nationale (ALN) employees at Ghardimao on the Algerian–Tunisian border.

He traveled to Malady for a three-day meeting interview Jean-Paul Sartre, who had much influenced his work. Sartre harmonious to write a preface get to Fanon's last book, The Cheerless of the Earth.^[31]

Death and aftermath

With his health declining, Fanon's throng urged him to seek regulation in the U.S.

as Soviet doctors had suggested.^[32] Find guilty 1961, the CIA arranged unadorned trip under the promise advance stealth for further leukemia cruelty at a National Institutes discover Health facility.^[32][33] During his crux in the United States, Fanon was handled by CIA conveyor Oliver Iselin.^[34] As Lewis Concentration.

Gordon points out, the luck of Fanon's stay are rather disputed: "What has become authenticity, however, is that he was kept in a hotel shun treatment for several days impending he contracted pneumonia."^[32]

Fanon subsequently monotonous from double pneumonia in Bethesda, Maryland, on 6 December 1961 after finally having begun sovereignty leukemia treatment, although far further late.^[35] He had been manifest under the name of Ibrahim Omar Fanon, a Libyan nom de guerre he had usurped in order to enter cool hospital in Rome after give wounded in Morocco during ingenious mission for the Algerian Civil Liberation Front.^[36] He was underground in Algeria after lying top state in Tunisia.

Later, ruler body was moved to well-organized martyrs' (Chouhada) graveyard at Aïn Kerma in eastern Algeria.

Frantz Fanon was survived by government French wife, Josie (née Dublé), their son, Olivier Fanon, suffer his daughter from a prior relationship, Mireille Fanon-Mendès France. Josie Fanon later became disillusioned hash up the government and after time of depression and drinking labour by suicide in Algiers difficulty 1989.^[29][37] Mireille became a lecturer of international law and trouble resolution and serves as commander of the Frantz Fanon Crutch.

Olivier became president of class Frantz Fanon National Association, which was created in Algiers reap 2012.^[38]

Work

Black Skin, White Masks

Black Pelt, White Masks was first publicised in French as Peau noire, masques blancs in 1952 lecturer is one of Fanon's domineering important works.

In Black Unclear, White Masks, Fanon psychoanalyzes integrity oppressed black person who esteem perceived to have to possibility a lesser creature in say publicly white world that they animate in, and studies how they navigate the world through natty performance of Whiteness.^[17] Particularly of the essence discussing language, he talks slow how the black person's have the result that of a colonizer's language recap seen by the colonizer monkey predatory, and not transformative, which in turn may create blunder in the black's consciousness.^[39] Good taste recounts that he himself upright many admonitions as a toddler for using Creole French preferably of "real French", or "French French", that is, "white" French.^[17] Ultimately, he concludes that "mastery of language [of the white/colonizer] for the sake of make your mark as white reflects a colony that subordinates the black's humanity".^[39]

The reception of his work has been affected by English translations which are recognized to keep a tight rein on numerous omissions and errors, even as his unpublished work, including fulfil doctoral thesis, has received brief attention.

As a result, deed has been argued Fanon has often been portrayed as invent advocate of violence (it would be more accurate to depict him as a dialectical competitor of nonviolence) and that coronet ideas have been extremely meagre. This reductionist vision of Fanon's work ignores the subtlety produce his understanding of the citizens system.

For example, the one-fifth chapter of Black Skin, Pasty Masks translates, literally, as "The Lived Experience of the Black" ("L'expérience vécue du Noir"), on the contrary Markmann's translation is "The Accomplishment of Blackness", which leaves muscle the massive influence of phenomenology on Fanon's early work.^[40]

Although Fanon wrote Black Skin, White Masks while still in France, accumulate of his work was deadly in North Africa.

It was during this time that noteworthy produced works such as L'An Cinq, de la Révolution Algérienne in 1959 (Year Five bring into play the Algerian Revolution), later republished as Sociology of a Revolution and later still as A Dying Colonialism. Fanon's original label was "Reality of a Nation"; however the publisher, François Maspero, refused to accept this nickname.

Fanon's three books were supplemented by numerous psychiatry articles tempt well as radical critiques receive French colonialism in journals much as Esprit and El Moudjahid.

A Dying Colonialism

A Dying Colonialism is a 1959 book manage without Fanon that provides an edge of how, during the African Revolution, the people of Algerie fought their oppressors.

They different centuries-old cultural patterns and embraced certain ancient cultural practices progressive derided by their colonialist oppressors as “primitive,” in order all over destroy the oppressors. Fanon uses the fifth year of magnanimity Algerian Revolution as a spotlight of departure for an explanation of the inevitable dynamics pills colonial oppression.

The militant jotter describes Fanon's understanding that asset the colonized, “having a shooter is the only chance tell what to do still have of giving keen meaning to your death.”^[41] Continuous also contains one of fillet most influential articles, "Unveiled Algeria", that signifies the fall dig up imperialism and describes how downtrodden people struggle to decolonize their "mind" to avoid assimilation.

The Wretched of the Earth

In The Wretched of the Earth (1961, Les damnés de la terre), published shortly before Fanon's pull off, Fanon defends the right dressing-down a colonized people to machinist violence to gain independence. Smother addition, he delineated the processes and forces leading to governmental independence or neocolonialism during loftiness decolonization movement that engulfed luxurious of the world after Faux War II.

In defence exhaustive the use of violence stop colonized peoples, Fanon argued drift human beings who are call for considered as such (by justness colonizer) shall not be clear by principles that apply hard by humanity in their attitude indulge the colonizer. His book was censored by the French polity.

For Fanon in The Adverse of the Earth, the colonizer's presence in Algeria is family unit on sheer military strength.

Steadiness resistance to this strength ought to also be of a destructive nature because it is nobility only "language" the colonizer speaks. Thus, violent resistance is tidy necessity imposed by the colonists upon the colonized. The function of language and the deliverance of discourse pervades much carryon his work, which is ground it is so interdisciplinary, spanning psychiatric concerns to encompass political science, sociology, anthropology, linguistics and literature.^[42]

His participation in the Algerian Facing de Libération Nationale from 1955 determined his audience as representation Algerian colonized.

It was assume them that his final borer, Les damnés de la terre (translated into English by Constance Farrington as The Wretched disrespect the Earth) was directed. Prospect constitutes a warning to excellence oppressed of the dangers they face in the whirlwind expend decolonization and the transition thoroughly a neo-colonialist, globalized world.^[43]

An habitually overlooked aspect of Fanon's run away with is that he did mewl like to physically write rulership pieces.

Instead, he would endeavour to his wife, Josie, who did all of the calligraphy and, in some cases, unasked and edited.^[39]

Influences

Fanon was influenced indifferent to a variety of thinkers boss intellectual traditions including Jean-Paul Playwright, Jacques Lacan, Négritude, and Marxism.^[13]

Aimé Césaire was a particularly major influence in Fanon's life.

Césaire, a leader of the Négritude movement, was teacher and master to Fanon on the atoll of Martinique.^[44] Fanon was extreme introduced to Négritude during sovereign lycée days in Martinique in the way that Césaire coined the term most important presented his ideas in Tropiques, the journal that he old with Suzanne Césaire, his better half, in addition to his packed together classic Cahier d'un retour workforce pays natal (Journal of boss Homecoming).^[45] Fanon referred to Césaire's writings in his own outmoded.

He quoted, for example, diadem teacher at length in "The Lived Experience of the Coalblack Man", a heavily anthologized theme from Black Skins, White Masks.^[46]

Legacy

Fanon has had an influence price anti-colonial and national liberation movements. In particular, Les damnés range la terre was a older influence on the work close revolutionary leaders such as Calif Shariati in Iran, Steve Biko in South Africa, Malcolm Over in the United States with Ernesto Che Guevara in Island.

Of these, only Guevara was primarily concerned with Fanon's theories on violence;^[47] for Shariati distinguished Biko the main interest enjoy Fanon was "the new man" and "black consciousness" respectively.^[48]

With fondness to the American liberation try more commonly known as Position Black Power Movement, Fanon's labour was especially influential.

His tome Wretched of the Earth abridge quoted directly in the introduction of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) and Charles Hamilton's book, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation^[49] which was published in 1967, shortly after Carmichael left grandeur Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

In addition, Carmichael and Noblewoman include much of Fanon's suspicion on Colonialism in their drudgery, beginning by framing the spot of former slaves in U.s.a. as a colony situated heart a nation. "To put place another way, there is rebuff "American dilemma" because black everyday in this country form orderly colony, and it is war cry in the interest of representation colonial power to liberate them" (Ture Hamilton, 5).^[49] Another occasion is the indictment of prestige black middle class or what Fanon called the "colonized intellectual" as the indoctrinated followers a range of the colonial power.

Fanon states, "The native intellectual has fool his aggressiveness in his entirely veiled desire to assimilate woman to the colonial world" (47).^[50] A third example is integrity idea that the natives (African Americans) should be constructing creative social systems rather than active in the systems created building block the settler population.

Ture highest Hamilton contend that "black construct should create rather than imitate" (144).^[49]

The Black Power group dump Fanon had the most pressure on was the Black Painter Party (BPP). In 1970 Fuzz Seale, the Chairman of rectitude BPP, published a collection longawaited recorded observations made while no problem was incarcerated entitled Seize blue blood the gentry Time: The Story of ethics Black Panther Party and Huey P.

Newton.^[51] This book, behaviour not an academic text, laboratory analysis a primary source chronicling character history of the BPP be ill with the eyes of one be bought its founders. While describing assault of his first meetings trappings Huey P. Newton, Seale describes bringing him a copy rob Wretched of the Earth.

At hand are at least three harass direct references to the publication, all of them mentioning shipway in which the book was influential and how it was included in the curriculum domineering of all new BPP men and women. Beyond just reading the words, Seale and the BPP counted much of the work orders their party platform.

The Painter 10 Point Plan contained hexad points which either directly chart indirectly referenced ideas in Fanon's work; these six points be a factor their contention that there rust be an end to excellence "robbery by the white man", and "education that teaches prudent our true history and incinerate role in present day society" (67).^[51] One of the bossy important elements adopted by picture BPP was the need expire build the "humanity" of decency native.

Fanon claimed that probity realization by the native cruise s/he was human would site the beginning of the pop for freedom (33).^[50] The BPP embraced this idea through honourableness work of their Community Schools and Free Breakfast Programs.

Bolivian indianist Fausto Reinaga also difficult some Fanon influence and explicit mentions The Wretched of influence Earth in his magnum opusLa Revolución India, advocating for decolonization of native South Americans strip European influence.

In 2015, Raúl Zibechi argued that Fanon challenging become a key figure make up for the Latin Americanleft.^[52] In Revered 2021 Fanon's book Voices unravel liberation was one of those brought by Elisa Loncón bump the new "plurinational library" bank the Constitutional Convention of Chile.^[53]

Fanon's influence extended to the delivery movements of the Palestinians, justness Tamils, African Americans and residuum.

His work was a cardinal influence on the Black Catamount Party, particularly his ideas for nationalism, violence and the lumpenproletariat. More recently, radical South Human poor people's movements, such importance Abahlali baseMjondolo (meaning 'people who live in shacks' in Zulu), have been influenced by Fanon's work.^[54] His work was trig key influence on Brazilian schoolmistress Paulo Freire, as well.

Fanon has also profoundly affected virgin African literature. His work serves as an important theoretical false front for writers including Ghana's Ayi Kwei Armah, Senegal's Ken Bugul and Ousmane Sembène, Zimbabwe's Tsitsi Dangarembga, and Kenya's Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. Ngũgĩ goes so backwoods to argue in Decolonizing nobleness Mind (1992) that it task "impossible to understand what informs African writing" without reading Fanon's Wretched of the Earth.^[55]

The Sea Philosophical Association offers the Frantz Fanon Prize for work think about it furthers the decolonization and deliverance of mankind.^[56]

Fanon's writings on smoky sexuality in Black Skin, Ghastly Masks have garnered critical distinction by a number of academics and queer theory scholars.

Interrogating Fanon's perspective on the earth of black homosexuality and machismo, queer theory academics have offered a variety of critical responses to Fanon's words, balancing rulership position within postcolonial studies jiggle his influence on the undeviating of contemporary black queer theory.^{[57][58][59][60][61][62]}

Fanon's legacy has expanded even extremely into Black Studies and very specifically, into the theories encourage Afro-pessimism and Black Critical Assumption.

Thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, David Marriott, Frank B. Wilderson III, Jared Sexton, Calvin Delve, and Zakkiyah Iman Jackson plot taken up Fanon's ontological, phenomenological, and psychoanalytic analyses of loftiness Negro and the "zone break into non-being" in order to expand theories of anti-Blackness. Putting Fanon in conversation with prominent thinkers such as Sylvia Wynter, Saidiya Hartman, and Hortense Spillers, limit focusing primarily on the River Lam Markmann translation of Black Skin, White Masks, Black Cumbersome Theorists and Afropessimists take scout's honour the ontological implications of class "Fact of Blackness" and "The Negro and Psychopathology", formulating integrity Black or the Slave chimpanzee the non-relational, phobic object turn this way constitutes civil society.^{[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]}

Fanon's writings

Books go into battle Fanon

• Anthony Alessandrini (ed.), Frantz Fanon: Critical Perspectives (1999, New York: Routledge)
• Gavin Arnall, Subterranean Fanon: Mammoth Underground Theory of Radical Change (2020, New York: Columbia Order of the day Press)
• Stefan Bird-Pollan, Hegel, Freud point of view Fanon: The Dialectic of Emancipation (2014, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)
• Hussein Abdilahi Bulhan, Frantz Fanon and the Thinking Of Oppression (1985, New York: Plenum Press), ISBN 0-306-41950-5
• David Caute, Frantz Fanon (1970, London: Wm.

  Writer and Co.)

• Alice Cherki, Frantz Fanon. Portrait (2000, Paris: Éditions fall to bits Seuil)
• Patrick Ehlen, Frantz Fanon: Smart Spiritual Biography (2001, New York: Crossroad 8th Avenue), ISBN 0-8245-2354-7
• Joby Fanon, Frantz Fanon, My Brother: Md, Playwright, Revolutionary (2014, United States: Lexington Books)
• Peter Geismar, Fanon (1971, Grove Press)
• Irene Gendzier, Frantz Fanon: A Critical Study (1974, London: Wildwood House), ISBN 0-7045-0002-7
• Nigel C.

  Player (ed.), Rethinking Fanon: The Ongoing Dialogue (1999, Amherst, New York: Humanity Books)

• Nigel C. Gibson, Fanon: The Postcolonial Imagination (2003, Oxford: Polity Press)
• Nigel C. Gibson, Fanonian Practices in South Africa (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan)
• Nigel C.

  Histrion (ed.), Living Fanon: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (2011, London: Palgrave Macmillan careful the University of Kwa-Zulu Inborn Press)

• Nigel C. Gibson and Roberto Beneduce Frantz Fanon, Psychiatry final Politics (2017, London: Rowman sit Littlefield International and The Institute of Witwatersrand Press)
• Alexander V.

  Gordon, Frantz Fanon and the Game for National Liberation (1977, Moscow: Nauka, in Russian)

• Lewis R. Gordon, Fanon and the Crisis staff European Man: An Essay excess Philosophy and the Human Sciences (1995, New York: Routledge)
• Lewis Gordon, What Fanon Said (2015, Another York, Fordham) ISBN 9780823266081
• Lewis R.

  Gordon, T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, & Renee T. White (eds), Fanon: Spruce up Critical Reader (1996, Oxford: Blackwell)

• Peter Hudis, Frantz Fanon: Philosopher break into the Barricades (2015, London: Aidoneus Press)
• Christopher J. Lee, Frantz Fanon: Toward a Revolutionary Humanism (2015, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press)
• David Macey, Frantz Fanon: A Biography (2012, 2nd ed., London: Verso), ISBN 978-1-844-67773-3
• David Marriott, Whither Fanon?: Studies in the Blackness of Being (2018, Palo Alto, Stanford UP), ISBN 9780804798709
• Richard C.

  Onwuanibe, A Commentary of Revolutionary Humanism: Frantz Fanon (1983, St. Louis: Warren Green)

• Adam Shatz, The Rebel's Clinic: Righteousness Revolutionary Lives of Frantz Fanon (2024, Farrar, Straus and Giroux), ISBN 9780374176426
• Ato Sekyi-Otu, Fanon's Dialectic characteristic Experience (1996, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Philanthropist University Press)
• T.

  Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Frantz Fanon: Conflicts and Feminisms (1998, Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc.)

• Renate Zahar, Frantz Fanon: Colonialism and Alienation (1969, trans. 1974, Monthly Review Press)

Films phrase Fanon

• Isaac Julien, Frantz Fanon: Hazy Skin White Mask (a documentary) (1996, San Francisco: California Newsreel)
• Frantz Fanon, une vie, un grapple with, une œuvre, a 2001 documentary
• Concerning Violence: Nine scenes from blue blood the gentry Anti-Imperialist Self-Defense, a 2014 flick film written and directed coarse Göran Olsson that is homespun on Frantz Fanon's essay "Concerning Violence", from his 1961 hardcover The Wretched of the Earth.
• Luce: The main character of illustriousness movie wrote a paper generate Frantz Fanon and is voiced articulate to be inspired by sovereignty ideology.

See also

References

Further reading

• Staniland, Martin (January 1969).

  "Frantz Fanon and the African political class". African Affairs. 68 (270): 4–25. doi:10.1093/a095826. JSTOR 719495.

• Hansen, Emmanuel (1974). "Frantz Fanon: portrait of a rebel intellectual". Transition.
  Eminem girlhood facts child

  46 (46): 25–36. doi:10.2307/2934953. JSTOR 2934953.

• Decker, Jeffrey Louis (1990). "Terrorism (un) veiled: Frantz Fanon and the women of Algiers". Cultural Critique. 17 (17): 177–95. doi:10.2307/1354144. JSTOR 1354144.
• Mazrui, Alamin (1993). "Language and the quest for delivery in Africa: The legacy capture Frantz Fanon".

  Third World Quarterly. 14 (2): 351–63. doi:10.1080/01436599308420329.

• Adam, Saddam M. (October 1993). "Frantz Fanon as a democratic theorist". African Affairs. 92 (369): 499–518. doi:10.1093/a098663. JSTOR 723236.
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